![]() Nociceptive pain, including dull and aching pain, can occur in various body regions and systems, such as in the musculoskeletal system due to muscle spasticity and movement, visceral organs of the abdomen or thorax due to infection or obstruction, and skin due to ulcers. SCI pain can be broadly divided into nociceptive and neuropathic categories. ![]() Strikingly, nearly one-third of SCI patients suffer severe pain. It has been estimated that 30%–80% of SCI patients experience chronic pain that develops unilaterally or bilaterally after injury. Among them, the International Spinal Cord Injury Pain Data Set and the three-tiered framework proposed by the International Association for the Study of Pain provide general guidelines for the assessment and treatment of SCI pain. Multiple classification schemes have been developed to define SCI pain in humans based on etiology, anatomical level of injury, or quality of pain. SCI has devastating consequences, including a high prevalence of chronic pain and altered sensory function. We used discretion in this process, with preference for clinical and preclinical peer-reviewed articles in indexed medical journals. The reference lists of the sources selected were also examined to identify additional studies not found in the original search. Both preclinical and clinical sources were included if they were related to SCI pain and SCS, using key words including pain, SCI, trauma, SCS,Īnd analgesia. No date limits were applied and the search was limited to the English language. A literature search was performed in MEDLINE and PubMed on June 1, 2018. The purpose of this brief review is to outline SCI pain and the therapeutic potential of different electrical SCS paradigms for its treatment. Yet, its usefulness and mechanisms of action in SCI pain are still unclear. Since the original “gate control” theory of pain was developed in 1965, spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been used for over 50 years to manage pathologic pain conditions, especially those with a neurogenic origin. To date, the treatment of SCI pain remains a largely unmet medical need. Patients frequently develop chronic pain after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) as a result of maladaptive neurophysiological and neurochemical changes in the somatosensory system. ![]() Finally, future perspectives of pre-clinical research and clinical study of SCS for SCI pain treatment are discussed. The clinical evidence for using SCS in SCI pain is then reviewed. We begin with an overview of its manifestations, classification, potential underlying etiology, and current challenges for its treatment. ![]() We aim to review recent studies and outline the therapeutic potential of different SCS paradigms for traumatic SCI pain. Yet, its efficacy, benefit profiles, and mechanisms of action in SCI pain remain elusive, due to limited research, methodological weaknesses in previous clinical studies, and a lack of mechanistic exploration of SCS for SCI pain control. ![]() Electrical spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been used to manage a variety of chronic pain conditions that are refractory to pharmacotherapy. Currently, however, the treatment of chronic pain after SCI remains a largely unmet need. In addition to restoration of bladder, bowel, and motor functions, alleviating the accompanying debilitating pain is equally important for improving the quality of life of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). ![]()
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